Asphalt test method

AASHTO T 209

Purpose: AASHTO T 209 determines the theoretical maximum specific gravity, commonly called Gmm, of an asphalt mixture with no air voids.
How it works: The loose mixture is placed in a pycnometer with water, and a vacuum removes trapped air. The measured masses and water temperature are used to calculate Gmm.
Why it matters: Gmm is used to calculate air voids, density, and compaction targets for mix design and production control.
Important detail: Complete sample drying, correct vacuum, effective agitation, and temperature measurements are essential. Trapped air produces an incorrect result.
This overview is a simple introduction. Use the current AASHTO T 209 standard, equipment instructions, and applicable state DOT and project requirements when performing the test.
Related methods: AASHTO T 176, AASHTO T 180, AASHTO T 240, AASHTO T 245, Browse all test methods

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